Welcome to Kerala
Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to Sumerian records and it is still referred to as the
"Garden of Spices" or as the "Spice Garden of India".Kerala's spices attracted ancient Babylonians, Assyrians and
Egyptians to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE. Phoenicians established trade with Kerala during this
period.The Land of Keralaputra was one of the four independent kingdoms in southern India during Ashoka's time, the
others being Chola, Pandya, and Satiyaputra.Scholars hold that Keralaputra is an alternate name of the Cheras, the first
dominant dynasty based in Kerala.These territories once shared a common language and culture, within an area known as
Tamilakam.Along with the Ay kingdom in the south and the Ezhimala kingdom in the north, the Cheras formed the ruling
kingdoms of Kerala in the early years of the Common Era (CE).
It is noted in Sangam literature that the Chera king Uthiyan Cheralathan ruled most of modern Kerala from his capital in Kuttanad,and controlled the port of Muziris, but its
southern tip was in the kingdom of Pandyas,which had a trading port sometimes identified in ancient Western sources as
Nelcynda (or Neacyndi) in Quilon.The lesser known Ays and Mushikas kingdoms lay to the south and north of the Chera
regions respectively.
In the last centuries BCE the coast became important to the Greeks and Romans for its spices, especially black pepper.
The Cheras had trading links with China, West Asia, Egypt, Greece, and the Roman Empire.In foreign-trade circles
the region was known as Male or Malabar.Muziris, Berkarai, and Nelcynda were among the principal ports at that time.The
value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces;contemporary Sangam literature
describes Roman ships coming to Muziris in Kerala, laden with gold to exchange for pepper. One of the earliest western
traders to use the monsoon winds to reach Kerala was Eudoxus of Cyzicus, around 118 or 166 BCE, under the patronage of
Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Roman establishments in the port cities of the region,
such as a temple of Augustus and barracks for garrisoned Roman soldiers, are marked in the Tabula Peutingeriana; the only
surviving map of the Roman cursus publicus.
Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala.The Israeli (Jewish)
connection with Kerala started in 573 BCE.Arabs also had trade links with Kerala, starting before the 4th century BCE, as
Herodotus (484–413 BCE) noted that goods brought by Arabs from Kerala were sold to the Israelis [Hebrew (Jews)] at Eden
.Israelis intermarried with local (Cheras Dravidian) people, resulting in formation of the Mappila community.In the 4th
century, some Christians also migrated from Persia and joined the early Syrian Christian community who trace their
origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century.Mappila (Semitic) was an honorific
title that had been assigned to respected visitors from abroad; Israelite(Jewish), Syrian (Aramaic) Christian, and
Muslim immigration account for later names of the respective communities: Juda Mappilas, Nasrani Mappilas, and Muslim
Mappilas.The earliest Saint Thomas Christian Churches,Cheraman Juma Masjid (629 CE)—the first mosque of India—and
Paradesi Synagogue (1568 CE)—the oldest active synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations—were built in Kerala.